• 輸入與輸出 (input and output)
• 算術運算 (arithmetic operation),邏輯運算 (logical operation),位元運算 (bitwise operation)
• 條件判斷與迴路 (conditional expressions and loop)
• 陣列與結構 (arrays and structures)
• 字元 (character),字串 (string)
• 函數呼叫與遞迴 (function call and recursion)
• 基礎資料結構 (basic data structures),包括:佇列 (queues),堆疊 (stacks),樹狀圖 (tree),圖形 (graph)
• 基礎演算法 (basic algorithms),包括:排序 (sorting),搜尋 (searching),貪心法則 (greedy method),
動態規劃 (dynamic programming)